Eastern Shoshone are Shoshone who primarily live in Wyoming and in the northeast corner of the Great Basin where Utah, Idaho and Wyoming meet and are in the Great
Basin classification of Indigenous People. They lived in the Rocky Mountains during the 1805 Lewis and Clark Expedition and adopted Plains Indian horse culture in contrast to Western Shoshone that maintained a Great Basin culture.[Shimkin 308]
The Eastern Shoshone primarily settled on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming, after their leader, Washakie signed the Fort Bridger Treaty in 1868.[ "The Wind River Reservation." The Shoshone Indians. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.]
History
The Eastern Shoshone
horse culture much sooner than their neighbours to the North, the Blackfoot Confederacy (made up of three related groups, the Piegan, Siksika, and Kainai). With the advantages that horses provided in battle, such as speed and mobility, the Eastern Shoshone were able to expand to the north and soon occupied much of present-day southern and central
Alberta, most of
Montana, and parts of
Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently. Meanwhile, their close cousins, the
Comanche, split off and migrated south to present-day western
Texas. Once the Piegan, in particular, had access to horses of their own and guns obtained from the Hudson's Bay Company via the
Iron Confederacy, the situation changed. By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone. Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of to the east.
Through the early 1800s, the Eastern Shoshone and Crow fought over the contested Wind River Basin, a prime bison hunting area, culminating in an incident at Crow Heart Butte, where Washakie challenged and defeated a leading Crow warrior for possession of the Wind River Valley. The Eastern Shoshone participated significantly in the Rocky Mountain Fur Trade and bison hide trade from the 1820s and 1840s. The rendezvous sites along the Wind River Range were established in areas previously used by the Shoshone for trade fairs.[ Anthropological records berkeley.edu] By the 1850s, Washakie had emerged as a leader among the Shoshone, known for his war prowess as well as his ability to negotiate with whites. Fluent in English and a friend and father-in-law of Jim Bridger, Washakie championed the establishment of the Wind River Indian Reservation through negotiations at the 1863 and 1868 treaties at Fort Bridger.
After the reservation period, the Eastern Shoshone saw the arrival of Northern Arapaho on the Wind River Indian Reservation in 1878.
Language
Eastern Shoshone speak the Shoshone language, a Central Numic language in the Uto-Aztecan language family. It is spoken on the Wind River Indian Reservation.
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Bands
Bands of Shoshone people were named for their geographic homelands and for their primary food sources.
- * Kuccuntikka or Kuchun-deka ( Guchundeka', Kutsindüka, Plains Bison Eaters
[Shimkin 335]), living on the eastern edges of the Great Basin along the upper Green River Valley, Big Sandy River and Wind River eastward to the Wind River Basin (Shoshone Basin) and Bighorn Basin of western Wyoming and southwestward to Bear Lake and Great Salt Lake in southeast Idaho and northern Utah, they possessed from all Shoshone bands the greatest horse herds, also called Plains Shoshone, later called Washakie or Wind River Shoshone)
- * Haivodika or Haiwodekanee (Dove Eaters, so named by their Kuccuntikka kin, because they allegedly behaved timidly on buffalo hunts, also called Blacks Fork. About 1825 they broke off from the main body of Kuccuntikka to live nearer and with white settlements and trading posts. They lived the greater part of the year along the creeks of Green River in the Bridger Basin in western Wyoming and particular at Henrys Fork in southeastern Idaho. They served as go-betweens between the nomadic Eastern and Northern Shoshone bands and Utes, Flathead Nation, Nez Perce, and occasionally Crow Nation Indians and the whites at the trading post Fort Bridger. In this intermediary role, they where middlemen traders who bought skins from the Plains Indians and sold them at the Fort and distributed the white Traders' goods among the Ute people and Navajo people. It is even known that they went to the Mormons at Great Salt Lake and exchanged skins for agricultural products and textiles. With the end of the Fur Trade and the bison hunting the Haivodika lost their social function and their identity as a separate Eastern Shoshone band. They chose to live with their Mixed-blood relatives in the surrounding white settlements or their Kuccuntikka kin on the Wind River Reservation)
- * Tukkutikka (Tukudeka, Dukundeka , Sheep Eaters, Mountain Sheep Eaters,
[ living in the Wind River Range in western Wyoming, Salmon River, Salmon River Mountains, in the Sawtooth Valley surrounded by the Sawtooth Range, Payette River, in the Bitterroot Mountains and Beaverhead Mountains, Idaho and north toward the Beaverhead River][Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series: SHOSHONI AND NORTHERN PAIUTE INDIANS IN IDAHO] and the upper Yellowstone River in northern Wyoming and southern Montana, also known as Doyahinee (Mountain People) or Banaiti Doyanee (Bannock Mountaineers), because of great intermarriage with Bannock people, only the Tukkutikka bands living in the Yellowstone River region settled with the main body of Eastern Shoshone onto the Wind River Reservation,[ DIVERSITY IN COSMOLOGY: THE CASE OF THE WIND RIVER SHOSHONI] the majority joined as part of the Lemhi Shoshone the Northern Shoshone
- * Boho'inee, ( Pohoko’ikkatee,
[Crum, B., Crum, E., & Dayley, J. P. (2001). Newe Hupia: Shoshoni Poetry Songs. University Press of Colorado. Pg. 200 doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt46nz00] Pohogwe, Pohoini, Sage Grass people, Sagebrush Butte People[), mixed Shoshone-Bannock people band, living in southeastern Idaho on the Snake River Plain, in the Wind River Range, Salmon Falls on Snake River and wintered in the vicinity of the trading post Fort Hall, but also claimed the Camas Prairie as home, later called Fort Hall Shoshone or "Sho-Bans"]
Contemporary tribes and communities
-
Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation of Utah (Washakie)
-
Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming
- *Fort Washakie, Wyoming
- *Wind River, Wyoming
- *Crowheart, Wyoming
Notable Eastern Shoshone
See also
-
Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868
-
United States v. Shoshone Tribe of Indians
Notes
-
Hodge, Adam R. 2019. Ecology and Ethnogenesis: An Environmental History of the Wind River Shoshones, 1000-1868. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
-
Shimkin, Demitri B. "Eastern Shoshone." Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986: 308–335. .
External links
